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How to Make IE6 Render HTML5 Mark-up Correctly

How to Make All Browsers Render HTML5 Mark-up Correctly – Even IE6

on Jan 20th 2010 with 187 comments
This entry is part 4 of 14 in the HTML5 and You Session
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HTML 5 provides some great new features for web designers who want to code readable, semantically-meaningful layouts. However, support for HTML 5 is still evolving, and Internet Explorer is the last to add support. In this tutorial, we’ll create a common layout using some of HTML 5′s new semantic elements, then use JavaScript and CSS to make our design backwards-compatible with Internet Explorer. Yes, even IE 6.


Tutorial Details

  • Technology: HTML
  • Version: 5
  • Difficulty: Intermediate
  • Estimated Completion Time: 1 hour

Prefer a Video Tutorial?

Quick Overview of HTML 5 Elements

The HTML 5 Working Draft provides a new set of semantically-meaningful
elements for describing a typical web page layout. Using elements that are “meaningful” (i.e. describe the content they contain)
makes it easier for you to read and organize your code, and makes it easier for search engines and screen readers to read and
organize your content.

The HTML 5 elements we’ll be using are:

  • header
  • footer
  • nav
  • article
  • hgroup

Just by reading the names of the elements, you should get a pretty good idea of what they’re for, and that’s the point!
You can now stop abusing <div> in all your tableless designs, and instead make headers out of “<header>”s and
footers out of “<footer>”s.

The one element that may not be obvious is <hgroup>. This element simply defines a group of header elements (<h1>
- <h6>) so you can group a blog post title and subtitle together, for example. Think of it as not the header of the page,
but the header of the content section.

Step 1: The HTML

We’re going to recreate the most common layout on the Web, the 2-column layout:

This layout is usually put together with a waterfall of <div> elements (or, shudder, a <table>), but with HTML 5
you can code this page quite naturally.

	<!DOCTYPE html>
	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
	
	<html>
		<head>
		    <title><!-- Your Title --></title>
		</head>
		
		<body>
			<header>
				<!-- ... -->
			</header>
		
			<nav>
				<!-- ... -->
			</nav>
		
			<div id="main">
				<!-- ... -->
			</div>
		
			<footer>
				<!-- ... -->
			</footer>
		</body>	
	</html>

And to round it out, within the “main” element, I’m going to add some simple post templates:

	<article>
		<hgroup>
			<h2>Title</h2>
			<h3>Subtitle</h3>
		</hgroup>
		
		<p>
			<!-- --->
		</p>
	</article>

Now we have an entire layout skeleton in HTML that uses nothing but meaningful tags for all the content. Easy to read,
easy to parse, easy to design for.

Some savvier readers may ask “why didn’t you use <section> instead of a <div> for the main column? Wouldn’t that
be more “meaningful?” You certainly could, and it would be “valid,” but the <section> element isn’t meant for this
sort of layout function. From the spec:

The section element is not a generic container element. When an element is needed for styling purposes or
as a convenience for scripting, authors are encouraged to use the <div> element instead. A general rule is that
the section element is appropriate only if the element’s contents would be listed explicitly in the document’s outline.

Step 2: The CSS

Positioning these elements would be easy if they were all <div>s — we know how they are handled by every browser, so
we know how to write CSS to them. However, this is only the case because every browser applies a default stylesheet to a page.
Even if you haven’t specified one, there is CSS at work every time a page you’ve written gets loaded into Firefox or IE.

For example, here’s the styling applied to a <div> in the default “html.css” file that comes with Firefox:

	html, div, map, dt, isindex, form {
		display: block;
	}

But what happens when a browser comes across an element that it doesn’t recognize? We can’t be sure. It might get no styling,
it might inherit a some default styling, it might not be displayed at all. Therefore, we make sure that we account for any and
all styling of our new elements in our own CSS. No assumptions.

	/* Make HTML 5 elements display block-level for consistent styling */
	header, nav, article, footer, address { 
		display: block; 
	}

Now we can treat these elements just like <div>s, assured they are displayed consistently.

The Problem

Let’s take a look at our layout so far. I’ve put together a more fleshed out version of this code and tested it in
a few browsers. Check out our layout in Safari 4:

However, look at what happens in Internet Explorer 6:

What’s wrong with this picture? By explicitly setting display: block; in CSS, we should have
communicated to the browser our intentions for that element.

Unfortunately, IE is ignoring elements it doesn’t recognize, regardless of CSS. Our content is left floating in its
parent’s container, as if the HTML 5 elements didn’t exist. Somehow, we need to get IE to render unknown elements,
and styling them appropriately isn’t going to do it.

Step 3: The JavaScript

Luckily, there is a way to get IE to recognize new elements via some simple JavaScript.

I first read about this technique on John Resig’s blog; he’s called it
the “HTML 5 Shiv.”


The Shiv

It simply involves calling document.createElement() for every new, unrecognized element.

Traditionally you’d make this call in order to inject an element directly into some branch of the DOM; in other words,
into an existing container within the <body> tag. You can do that to fix this unknown element issue as well. However,
this trick also works by calling document.createElement() in the <head> tag, with no refence to a containing element!
That makes it much easier to read and write:

	document.createElement("article");
	document.createElement("footer");
	document.createElement("header");
	document.createElement("hgroup");
	document.createElement("nav");

To make things even more convenient, Remy Sharp has released an
“HTML 5 Enabling Script,” which does the same thing as
our code above, but for all HTML 5 elements.

Since HTML5 is getting more attention by way of marking up our new pages, and the only way to get IE to acknowledge the new elements, such as <article>, is to use the HTML5 shiv, I’ve quickly put together a mini script that enables all the new elements…

Now that we’ve added our JavaScript, let’s look at that again in Internet Explorer, with our new JS code:

Perfect. Internet Explorer 6 is now rendering HTML 5 code just as well as Safari 4.

Conclusion

HTML 5 is exciting for any web designer who wants to create clean, easy-to-read, semantically-meaningful code. And with just a
couple of simple steps — one line of CSS and one line of JS per element — we can start making use of HTML 5 today.

Got any more tips for squeezing every bit of HTML 5 you can into your production code? Let us know in the comments!

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Tags: css3html5
 
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I'm a full-time Senior Web Developer and the author of books and articles published by O'Reilly Media. I've given workshops on a variety of topics, from web fundamentals to regular expressions to CSS compatibility, you name it. In my spare time, I twitter @billpena.  

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  • bundle

    It appears that there is a missing { in the css for the very last style.

    Also, isn’t starting the document with and redundant?

    • bundle

      Ugh. cCode doesn’t show up. My last sentence refered to the doctype being html and then having another tag be html. Can the document just start with the first html in the doctype, then start the head tag, and then the meta tag?

      • Abhijit

        The Doctype is not a tag, its just a declaration about the version of HTML that the document is adhering to. I think W3C has a very long plan with HTML 5; so the HTML 5 doctype is just and something like !! AFAIK the doctype declaration should be case sensitive…..

        Your avatar is very nice :)

      • Abhijit

        ….. the HTML 5 doctype is just <!DOCTYPE HTML> HTML and not something like <!DOCTYPE HTML> …..

  • http://www.stevendobbelaere.be Steven Dobbelaere

    HTML 5 looks promising.

  • http://webcodez.net webcodez

    Thanks for this, very usefully tutorial – great job!

  • http://theal.deviantart.com TheAL

    I noticed a lot of people are iffy about this method simply because it employs javascript, which they say you should never rely on since someone might have it disabled. Sorry, but those people need to get with the program. Literally. Javascript is everywhere and in almost every site that does anything beyond saying “hi.” Not having javascript enabled is a few steps shy of turning off the internet.

    p.s. After nearly 12 years of knowing HTML since version 3.2, with 5 being so drastically different, I dunno if I’m gonna like making the shift. I will, but the kid in me is gonna miss the old ways. *sniffle*

    • Tim

      But is it worth it, considering the consequences without Javascript?

      • Rick

        When it comes to paying clients, it is difficult to explain how people with JavaScript disable will have problems viewing a site.

        Sure, the benefits of HTML5 are profound, but we are talking about a pretty significant audience who the design community is trying to turn its back to. Many studies seem to want to push 1% as the average number of viewers with JavaScript turned off, while I consistently see the 5 – 6% figure come up in polls as well.

        The people pioneering HTML5 are fighting the good fight, so hats off to them. And I look forward to a technology coming out in the future that addresses the whole browser problem once and for all, but until that day arrives, it is an unsustainable practice to convince clients to disregard the nojs crowd when they very well could be paying customers where every dollar counts.

    • http://twitter.com/theoinksty Gemma

      @TheAL

      No, you need to get with the program about this.

      Javascript is indeed used pretty much everywhere, but the more experienced and wiser front-end developers make their websites degrade gracefully.

      I find those who don’t do this are ignorant in general anyway, because their excuses relate to accessibility and how visually or physically impaired people “don’t usually browse my website” which is a pathetic excuse.

      =====

      As for the article, nice one. I still won’t be relying on this Javascript script to make my HTML5 markup work in all browsers. I’m more likely to choose HTML4 over this solution if necessary, simply because it has a wider reach in terms of browser compatibility, and doesn’t require Javascript to function properly.

      There’s a reason why I’ve refused to learn HTML5 until now.

  • http://www.wearepixel8.com Erik Ford

    Thanks for posting this tutorial. It definitely has me scratching my head and wondering when to dive into coding using HTML5. But, in the end, isn’t this a moot point until the HTML5 specs are approved and added to future releases of the common modern browsers?

    I’m just thinking out loud whether this has current practical applications or not. Still a very interesting read.

  • http://extraordinarythoughts.com/ Shawn K.

    Nice work, only issue is when uses have JS disabled, but that accounts for very few.

    Another consideration would be to use Chrome Frame to get HTML5 support.
    (Plus that will solve issues with canvas and HTML A/V)

  • http://danielkoskinen.com Daniel K.

    One very important reason not to rely on this script is that it won’t work for print styles. So unless you’re actually making a web app where printing is not relevant, I’d say it’s a better idea to just go with pseudo-html5 (using class=”article”, class=”nav” etc.)

  • Cody

    Seriously, why even bother with coding HTML 5 pages when it isn’t supported across all major browsers without a hack? It’s ridiculous. The markup here isn’t THAT much more readable and workable – what’s the difference? If you’re a solid HTML/CSS coder who cares? You should know what you’re doing whether it’s called a div block, a header block or __insert random naming scheme__.

    Most good devs. will tidy up their code with one of these:

    I hate these articles that push for CSS3 and HTML 5 when clearl it isn’t ready yet. Like it or not, IE is a browser that is in use. IE8 is pretty darn good too despite not fully supporting HTML 5 and CSS3 which neither are fully spec’d out and in use anyhow.

    Stupid article. Lets create more work by having to rely on yet another javascript just to use this markup…. pointless. Do you think your clients can tell or give a crap? Answer that one.

    • LuK

      ^^…I don’t understand your anger…nobody forces you to use this future technology nor to read articles about it, if you like you do your websites in html 4.01 or xhtml 1.x, no problem…nobody cares…

      but maybe there are people who like their job (ie. creating websites) and want to be on the edge of technology, maybe just to keep up with the new stuff that comes up in the dev-scene…

      your “problems” could also be seen the other way around…does your clients care if you use html 5 if the site looks nice in every major browser…they regularly don’t really care about the “what if js is disabled”-question because they don’t even know what javascript is^^…

      I’m not doing sites in html 5 for my clients but I’m playing around with it on my own site, just because I’m interested in the progress we have in the internet, so I like these articles and I really can’t understand why somebody would “HATE these articles” (to cite you)…this emotion seems far too strong for some text on some webpage…you maybe have to think about your real problems^^, maybe get a new job where you don’t have to be interested in future technologies…how about gravedigger? =P

      And about IE…when it comes to this piece of bad coding (in all versions) I could react like you do on this article but I don’t have to because I just don’t give a f*** about it, it’s not worth it because nothing will change, IE will stay a piece of shit (maybe they change to webkit? =D) until they trash the Trident crap…but someone who seems to really like IE…I don’t know^^…you should maybe go and see a doctor =P

      have a nice day!

      • http://zayelion.zzl.org Jamezs Gladney

        My sentiments exactly. Less than 10% of users turn JS off, and when they do they know the consequences of doing that. So we greet them with a nice ‘noscript’ type message covering the page, or give another rending of the page altogether. I see the point of doing this as creating quality work that last for more than three months. If a client has to keep returning because the website keeps looking increasingly dated with each browser release they will be getting angrier and angrier. Most clients don’t respect the function of a website within thier business let alone understand it to start with if they did,… well designer hell would exist.

        By using the above methods as browsers change or they see the site in another borwser its appearance improves, allowing the design to age well.

    • Russell Bevan

      Not to mention that only around 6% of users have JS disabled according to http://www.thecounter.com/stats/2009/March/javas.php

      • hejsan

        And how many of them are still using ie6 I wonder?

  • http://www.codesquid.co.uk Grant

    Any technique that relies on javascript for core site functionality like layout and tag recognition unfortunately goes against just about everything written about accessibility and web standards.

    • http://ascolidesigns.com Joshua Wilcox

      Cheers to that one Grant! I completely agree. While the HTML5 and CSS3 are fun to play with, I would never think about truly implementing them in a clients site, given the unknown audience of there site. I think we need to get back to web standards until HTML5 and CSS3 are fully supported, if ever, considering IE doesn’t fully support CSS2 yet….stupid inline-block…

  • http://www.slice2u.com Slice2U

    we don’t need to wait anymore, let’s start!

  • balaji

    Nice article

  • http://downpacks.net omer

    goood one

  • http://www.romaindesplanques.com Romain

    And what about print stylesheets ? You can’t use javascript in this case.

    • http://www.romaindesplanques.com Romain

      Forget it. I’m tired :-)

    • Frederic

      Yes, you are right: You can’t fully use print stylesheets with this technique: Styling any of the HTML5 elements for print will miserably fail in ALL current Internet Explorer versions.

      I just encountered this problem on a customer’s website and had to replace the HTML5 elements with DIVs again …

  • Raj

    thanks for a great tutorial.

  • Shuklendu Ayachit

    By using above technique we can style HTML 5 elements but can we use canvas and also audio and video tag functionality?

    • morales2k

      I would like to know about that as well… :s

  • Denny Dzul

    As of the new year (2010), it’s my resolution to start coding in HTML 5 (with html5shim). We have to move forward. I just think HTML 5 will come earlier than expected. Great article Jeff!

  • http://www.moscreative.com/ Serhiy

    Well done! nice idea with javascript. Now I can start use html5

  • ravi

    is it not compatible with ie6?

  • http://zeddicus.com Zeddicus

    How about css3?

    • morales2k

      I believe css is dependant on browser interpretation… si any css markup that is used would depend on the browser’s interpreter… again, development is at the mercy of the endless browser wars…

  • http://www.ospreye.com/blog ospreye

    A similar concern I have is with this technique being dependent on JavaScript. Usually I have more than one thing going on in the page that uses JavaScript – and occasionally JavaScript breaks. Whether it’s a 404 to a hosted jquery library, updated code that causes something else to fail – you know how it can go when a project builds on itself. I just had this happen on a site and wondered why other things in the page stopped working like they should. It had nothing to do with the code for that JavaScript-dependent feature, at least not directly.

    So, bear in mind that if one thing fails, it most likely will have an impact on other things in your design!

  • http://www.vagrantradio.com Jason

    FYI: The charset meta tag is in the wrong place, should be below the opening head tag.

  • http://hencyparmar.byethost8.com/ hency

    hey

    thanks for the tutorial
    i tried javascript bt it didnt work
    i m still facing the same prob and not able to c my site in IE
    i main prob if footer and my site its in center in IE
    it works perfactly in Firefox and other browsers.
    please have a look at mi site and let me know what i can do to make it work in all browsers?

    http://hencyparmar.byethost8.com/

    hencyp@gmail.com

    thanks you very much

    hency

  • http://searchscientist.co.uk Louise McCartan

    Thanks for that, Helpful article.

  • nbsp

    – this element needs children, how is it more useful (or correct) to have to go:

    nav item
    nav item

    instead of:

    nav item
    nav item

    an no, going:

    nav item
    nav item

    is inherintly wrong because there’s no structure to the navigation; imagine a table of content in a book that was just a jumbled mess of words, resembling a sentence but with no implicit structure.

  • nbsp

    *** Repost because your form ate my tags…. ***

    ——–

    <nav> – this element needs children, how is it more useful (or correct) to have to go:

    <nav>
    <ul>
    <li>nav item</li>
    <li>nav item</li>
    </ul>
    </nav>

    instead of:

    <ul id=”nav”>
    <li>nav item</li>
    <li>nav item</li>
    </ul>

    an no, going:

    <nav>
    <a>nav item</a>
    <a>nav item</a>
    </nav>

    is inherintly wrong because there’s no structure to the navigation; imagine a table of content in a book that was just a jumbled mess of words, resembling a sentence but with no implicit structure.

    • http://zayelion.zzl.org Jamezs Gladney

      Sometimes you don’t need list for navigation elements. They could be div blocks with jquery animations. Only typically they are list.

  • http://www.kimstewart.ca Kim Stewart

    How did you get VM Ware Fusion to load so fast? It looks like you are running a MacBook Pro? It seems to load seamlessly for you with no load time whatsoever.

    I’m on a Mac Pro tower with 4GB of RAM and VM Ware Fusion still runs slow for me. Are there any settings you have set to make it run faster?

    Thanks

  • mgg

    Nicely done mate, awesomely esay to do… Now im not scared about xml, thanks!

  • http://www.jsxtech.com Jaspal Singh

    Thanks for sharing article on HTML5.
    I’m waiting for final version of HTML5.

  • http://linket.szeretnek.info h0wReYa

    Really good tutorial, thanks for it.
    I notices a little mistake in the main.css:
    at the end “{” is missing after the “article p”

  • http://www.mattdipasquale.com/ Matt Di Pasquale

    Are you sure this works in all browsers?

  • Saulo

    You html5 charset should be:

  • http://www.twitter.com/herihehe Heri Hehe

    it may be out of topic, but IE6 still doesn’t understand css attribute selector e.g.: when i use . :’(

  • http://www.twitter.com/herihehe Heri Hehe

    ah it’s stripped. i mean when i use [header role="banner"] for example.

  • http://www.raajkumar.co.cc Rajkumar

    very usefully tutorial – great job! – Thanks a lot for sharing your thoughts..

    It is not necessary to write it in HTML 5. But we need to adopt the new techniques..

    Now a days most of the users moving from PC to Mobile browsing. For this most of the clients require their site with mobile compatibility.

    HTML5 is more useful and simple and for Browser compatibility Except IE, its works good..

    Try it and share your comments..

  • http://mounir.tv sOLy MouniR

    Vedio is missing , please fix

  • Sandeep Prajapati

    In ie6 and ie8 it is not working, Do you have any other solution for ie6 and ie7..

  • http://www.vourtsis.com Alexander Vourtsis

    My idea is to wrap the div tags inside html5 tags

    in the CSS file:

    section, article, header, footer, nav, aside, mark, hgroup, figure, audio, video{display:inline;}

    Just in case different browsers interpret their default styling differently.

    then place the div elements inside the semantic html 5 ones

    [section]
    [div id="header"]
    content here
    [/div]
    [/section]

    I know this is a little overhead but at least it works without Javascript.

    And maybe when the time is right, we’ll be able to remove those nested divs with their html5 parents as well as those dreaded IE conditional comments. :P

  • http://calellaurlaub.de Thorsten

    Dude, you just made my day. I spent the last couple of days on a new project, anything was allready up and when I then took a look on IE I wanted to cry ;-)
    Anyway… can anybody tell my why this is working?

  • http://aaronbiser.com Abiser

    Exactly the article I was looking for. Thanks.

  • Anonymous Coder

    I think I’m going to agree with the sentiments of some of you on this post—HTML5 (and CSS3) isn’t quite ready for major sites just yet; but your own blogs/hobby sites can serve as a good test bed. That being said, HTML5 is the future, XHTML2 is dead and personally I never found a benefit of using XHTML over HMTL 4.01 Strict, anyway. Also, HTML 4.01 will be a recommended standard for 10 years this May and is still widely supported.

    I agree we “have to move forward”, but usability should be priority. Like it or not, webmasters are tied to what current *and* previous browsers support. It’s just like Internet Explorer. Did you know IE6 users still have about 11% of the IE market share? LOL get a new browser people…

    And yes, the web is held up by IE. If another browser, like Opera, was the leading browser all these years, we might already be talking about HTML6. But now there’s a new browser war going on—one I don’t see IE winning. With Mozilla, Google, Apple and Opera all pushing their browsers (and HTML5), Microsoft is losing market share and is now playing catch-up at the risk of becoming irrelevant. Thankfully they’ve “seen the light” and have made a descent showing with IE9. But it still ain’t enough to pull me away from my Opera and Chromium :)

    Resources:

    Why Using XHTML is Bad
    HTML5 Specs
    Browser Market Shares

    Google Chrome
    Chromium Snapshot Builds
    Opera
    Firefox
    Safari
    Internet Explorer 9

  • Anonymous Coder

    I think I’m going to agree with the sentiments of some of you on this post—HTML5 (and CSS3) isn’t quite ready for major sites just yet; but your own blogs/hobby sites can serve as a good test bed. That being said, HTML5 is the future, XHTML2 is dead and personally I never found a benefit of using XHTML over HMTL 4.01 Strict, anyway. Also, HTML 4.01 will be a recommended standard for 10 years this May and is still widely supported.

    I agree we “have to move forward”, but usability should be priority. Like it or not, webmasters are tied to what current *and* previous browsers support. It’s just like Internet Explorer. Did you know IE6 users still have about 11% of the IE market share? LOL get a new browser people…

    And yes, the web is held up by IE. If another browser, like Opera, was the leading browser all these years, we might already be talking about HTML6. But now there’s a new browser war going on—one I don’t see IE winning. With Mozilla, Google, Apple and Opera all pushing their browsers (and HTML5), Microsoft is losing market share and is now playing catch-up at the risk of becoming irrelevant. Thankfully they’ve “seen the light” and have made a descent showing with IE9. But it still ain’t enough to pull me away from my Opera and Chromium :)

    Resources:

    Why Using XHTML is Bad
    HTML5 Specs
    Browser Market Shares

    Google Chrome
    Chromium Snapshot Builds
    Opera
    Firefox
    Safari
    Internet Explorer 9

  • Dan Delaney

    Thanks for the article. Very well done.

    One problem: in your first code example you have the tag right after the DOCTYPE. According to the spec (working draft) the tag can only go in the tag. Putting it outside the tag will result in the page failing to be validated in any of the HTML5 validators. It might just happen to still work in most browsers, which are usually lenient on such errors, but it’s still best to use valid markup.

  • http://www.bateriacreativa.com.ar diseño sitios web

    Forget about IE 6! Save the planet, kill a IE :)

  • http://www.muhammadraheel.com Muhammad Raheel

    Thanks Author!!!

    This amazing JS has open doors to make our template compatible with bullshit IE versions.

    Thanks,
    Raheel

  • http://www.e-safeguard.pl/ Patryk Hanckowiak

    See you in 2022 :)

  • http://lasvegashotelshere.com elvis

    Good article. Now, I want to know all the HTML 5 elements. Why IE is too slow to catch on HTML 5? Does the newest IE support HTML 5 elements now?

  • http://www.tmall.com taotao567

    I had been questioning if you ever considered modifying the design of your own blog page? Its fairly well created; I enjoy what you’ve got to say. Nevertheless perhaps you might a tad bit more when it comes to content material so individuals could connect with it better. Youve got a fantastic deal of textual content for merely getting 1 or two photos. Maybe you might space it out far much better?

  • tj

    Lol, view the source code for this website

  • tj

    Here’s an idea, instead of wasting all that time inserting javascript, why not just give the user a link to upgrade to IE9 with a little side note that says, ah, don’t even bother with IE in the first place?

  • http://www.visceraldynamics.com Vance

    Thanks writing up this useful info. While I cannot see myself adopting this technique when working on client sites yet, I would certainly try it out just for fun.

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